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Foundations of Earth Science, 7e (Lutgens)
Chapter 1
Matter and Minerals
1.1 Multiple Choice
1)
Which of the following best defines the relationship between minerals and
rocks?
A)
A rock has an orderly, repetitive, geometrical, internal arrangement of minerals;
a mineral is a lithified or consolidated aggregate of rocks.
B)
A mineral consists of atoms arranged in a geometrically repetitive structure;
in a rock, the atoms are randomly bonded without any geometric pattern.
C)
In a mineral, atoms are bonded in a regular, repetitive, internal structure; a
rock is a lithified or consolidated aggregate of mineral grains.
D)
A rock consists of atoms bonded in a regular, geometrically predictable
arrangement; a mineral is a consolidated aggregate of rock particles.
Answer: C
Diff:
1
LO/Section: 1.1
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Comprehension
2)
All of the atoms making up any given element have the same number of ________.
A)
electrons in the nucleus
B)
protons in the nucleus
C)
neutrons in the outer nuclear shell
D)
electrons in the outermost valence shell
Answer: B
Diff:
1
LO/Section: 1.2
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Knowledge
3)
Atoms that have an electrical charge due to a gain or loss of electrons are
called ________.
A)
ions
B)
isotopes
C)
isochrons
D)
neutrons
Answer: B
Diff:
1
LO/Section: 1.3
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Knowledge
4)
When in contact with hydrochloric acid, which mineral gives off bubbles of
carbon dioxide gas?
A)
quartz
B)
halite
C)
calcite
D)
fluorite
Answer: C
Diff:
1
LO/Section: 1.4
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Knowledge
5)
The appearance or quality of light reflected from the surface of a mineral is
known as ________.
A)
cleavage
B)
luster
C)
specific gravity
D)
streak
Answer: B
Diff:
1
LO/Section: 1.4
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Knowledge
6)
How
many cleavage directions does this mineral specimen display?
A)
1
B)
2
C)
3
D)
4
Answer: C
Diff:
2
LO/Section: 1.4
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Application
7)
Which common mineral is composed entirely of silicon and oxygen?
A)
calcite
B)
diamond
C)
olivine
D)
quartz
Answer: D
Diff:
1
LO/Section: 1.5
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Knowledge
8)
In a cooling magma composed of silicon, oxygen, aluminum, potassium, hydrogen,
calcium, and sodium atoms, which of the following silicate minerals would be
impossible to crystallize?
A)
quartz
B)
olivine
C)
muscovite
D)
potassium feldspar (orthoclase)
Answer: B
Diff:
2
LO/Section: 1.5
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Application
9)
Which of the following minerals is a silicate (a mineral containing a
silicon-bearing ion)?
A)
hematite
B)
feldspar
C)
calcite
D)
halite
Answer: B
Diff:
1
LO/Section: 1.5
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Knowledge
10)
Which one of the following mineral groups exhibits a sheet-like silicate
structure?
A)
carbonates
B)
pyroxenes
C)
micas
D)
feldspars
Answer: C
Diff:
1
LO/Section: 1.5
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Comprehension
11)
The ion at the center of a silicon-oxygen tetrahedron is surrounded by
________.
A)
4 oxygen ions
B)
6 oxygen ions
C)
4 sodium ions
D)
6 sodium ions
Answer: A
Diff:
1
LO/Section: 1.5
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Comprehension
12)
The resistance of a mineral to scratching or abrasion is known as ________.
A)
luster
B)
cleavage
C)
streak
D)
hardness
Answer: D
Diff:
1
LO/Section: 1.4
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Knowledge
13)
Imagine you are handed a mineral sample. It breaks with a conchoidal fracture,
but displays no cleavage. It does not react with hydrochloric acid, is a light
pink color, and has a nonmetallic luster. It is harder than a streak plate, and
has a specific gravity of 2.65. What mineral is it?
A)
olivine
B)
potassium feldspar
C)
calcite
D)
quartz
Answer: D
Diff:
2
LO/Section: 1.5
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Analysis
14)
You are handed a sample of an unknown silicate mineral. Which two elements MUST
it contain?
A)
silicon and oxygen
B)
iron and silicon
C)
carbon and hydrogen
D)
silicon and sodium
Answer: A
Diff:
2
LO/Section: 1.5
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Application
15)
What element is the most abundant in the Earth's crust by weight?
A)
carbon
B)
chlorine
C)
oxygen
D)
lead
Answer: C
Diff:
1
LO/Section: 1.5
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Knowledge
16)
Which of the following is a silicate mineral with a single-chained structure?
A)
olivine
B)
pyroxene
C)
amphibole
D)
mica
Answer: B
Diff:
1
LO/Section: 1.5
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Knowledge
17)
Due to the arrangement of weaker bonds in their crystal lattice, the tendency
of certain minerals to break along smooth, parallel planes is known as
________.
A)
streak
B)
cleavage
C)
luster
D)
crystal habit
Answer: B
Diff:
1
LO/Section: 1.4
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Knowledge
18)
An atom's mass number is 13 and its atomic number is 6. How many neutrons are
in its nucleus?
A)
19
B)
13
C)
7
D)
6
Answer: C
Diff:
2
LO/Section: 1.2
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Application
19)
Three of the following ARE true for minerals. Which one of the following is NOT
true for minerals?
A)
They have a specific, predictable chemical composition.
B)
They have an orderly internal crystalline structure.
C)
They can be identified by characteristic physical properties.
D)
They can be a liquid, solid, or gas.
Answer: D
Diff:
1
LO/Section: 1.1
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Comprehension
20)
Which the following are the positively charged particles in an atom's nucleus?
A)
protons
B)
neutrons
C)
ions
D)
electrons
Answer: A
Diff:
1
LO/Section: 1.2
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Knowledge
21)
Which of the following has the highest specific gravity?
A)
styrofoam
B)
water
C)
halite
D)
gold
Answer: D
Diff:
1
LO/Section: 1.4
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Comprehension
22)
Which of the following properties would be least useful for identifying a
sample of calcite?
A)
reaction to hydrochloric acid
B)
three planes of cleavage
C)
white color
D)
hardness of 3 on the Mohs scale
Answer: C
Diff:
2
LO/Section: 1.4
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Application
23)
Both
of the samples pictured here are examples of the mineral pyrite. The physical
property that sets them apart is ________.
A)
reaction to hydrochloric acid
B)
crystal habit
C)
streak
D)
specific gravity
Answer: C
Diff:
2
LO/Section: 1.4
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Application
24)
A cubic centimeter each of quartz, olivine, and native gold weigh 2.5, 3.0, and
19.8 grams respectively. This indicates that ________.
A)
gold has a higher density and specific gravity than quartz and olivine
B)
olivine melts at a higher temperature than either gold or quartz
C)
gold is 6 to 7 times harder than olivine and quartz
D)
gold and olivine qualify as silicates, but quartz would not
Answer: A
Diff:
3
LO/Section: 1.4
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Evaluation
25)
In silicate minerals, silicon-oxygen tetrahedra may be bonded together to form
________.
A)
single chains
B)
double chains
C)
sheets
D)
all of the above
Answer: D
Diff:
1
LO/Section: 1.5
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Knowledge
1.2 True-False
1)
Specific gravity is defined as mass per unit volume.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:
1
LO/Section: 1.4
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Comprehension
2)
Quartz, by definition, is a dark silicate mineral.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:
1
LO/Section: 1.5
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Comprehension
3)
In Earth's crust, economic minerals are just as abundant as rock-forming
minerals.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:
1
LO/Section: 1.5
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Comprehension
4)
All compounds are minerals.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:
2
LO/Section: 1.2
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Application
5)
Rocks are solids composed of one or more minerals.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:
1
LO/Section: 1.1
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Knowledge
6)
Electrically neutral atoms have equal numbers of electrons and protons.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:
1
LO/Section: 1.3
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Comprehension
7)
In the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron there are more silicon atoms than oxygen
atoms.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:
1
LO/Section: 1.5
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Knowledge
8)
A mineral can be composed entirely of one element.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:
1
LO/Section: 1.5
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Knowledge
9)
Diamond and quartz are both minerals composed of a single element.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:
1
LO/Section: 1.5
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Comprehension
10)
The micas, biotite and muscovite, both exhibit one direction of cleavage.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:
1
LO/Section: 1.5
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Knowledge
11)
The color of a powdered mineral is the physical property known as luster.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:
1
LO/Section: 1.4
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Comprehension
12)
The physical property denoting a mineral's tendency to crack along parallel,
planar surfaces is known as cleavage.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:
1
LO/Section: 1.4
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Comprehension
13)
The smallest particle of matter that exhibits and defines the distinctive
chemical characteristics of an individual element is a neutron.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:
1
LO/Section: 1.2
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Comprehension
14)
The central region of an atom is the nucleus.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:
1
LO/Section: 1.2
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Knowledge
15)
Electrons are found in the nucleus of an atom.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:
1
LO/Section: 1.2
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Comprehension
1.3 Fill in the Blank
1)
If a mineral has a specific gravity of 3, it must be ________ times as dense as
water.
Answer: 3
Diff:
2
LO/Section: 1.4
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Application
2)
Synthetically made glass and natural quartz crystals both exhibit a fracture
pattern termed ________.
Answer: conchoidal
Diff:
1
LO/Section: 1.4
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Knowledge
3)
To test whether a rock sample includes any of the mineral calcite, you should
perform the ________ test.
Answer: hydrochloric acid
Diff:
2
LO/Section: 1.4
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Application
4)
Use
the accompanying figure of the Mohs scale of hardness to answer this question.
If you have a mineral sample that is capable of scratching a penny but is
scratched by a wire nail, its hardness must be ________.
Answer: between 3.5 and 4.5 (some instructors may
accept "4")
Diff:
2
LO/Section: 1.4
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Application
5)
An aggregate of one or more minerals is called a(n) ________.
Answer: rock
Diff:
1
LO/Section: 1.1
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Knowledge
6)
Common minerals that exhibit a single plane of cleavage are the micas. An
example of a mica is ________.
Answer: either biotite or muscovite
Diff:
1
LO/Section: 1.5
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Comprehension
7)
Some minerals display the physical property known as "cleavage"
because bonds in some orientations within the mineral crystal are ________ than
bonds in other orientations.
Answer: weaker (or "stronger")
Diff:
1
LO/Section: 1.4
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Comprehension
8)
Atoms of different elements can "stick together" (making compounds)
via electrons sharing or trading arrangements called ________.
Answer: bonds
Diff:
1
LO/Section: 1.3
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Comprehension
9)
The most common group of minerals in Earth's crust are the ________.
Answer: silicates
Diff:
1
LO/Section: 1.5
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Comprehension
10)
Two feldspar samples are placed before you. Sample A is gray and shows
striations on its surface, and Sample B is pink-colored, like fresh salmon.
Sample A must be ________ and Sample B is likely to be ________.
Answer: plagioclase feldspar; potassium feldspar
(orthoclase)
Diff:
2
LO/Section: 1.4
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Application
1.4 Matching
Match the items in the first column with the correct
descriptions in the second column.
A)
a mineral consisting of a poisonous gas ionically bonded to an extremely
reactive metal.
B)
an item that is solid like a mineral, has definite chemical composition, and
shows distinctive physical properties, but is not naturally occurring.
C)
a silicate mineral which has silicon-oxygen tetrahedra bonded in single-chained
formation along with iron or magnesium atoms.
D)
a rock composed of nonmineral matter.
E)
an item that is solid like a mineral, has definite chemical composition, and
shows distinctive physical properties, but does not have an orderly crystalline
structure.
F)
a mineral in the carbonate family; showing three planes of cleavage and a
fizzing reaction to hydrochloric acid.
G)
a mineral made of oxidized hydrogen.
H)
silicate mineral consisting solely of silicon and oxygen, with silicon-oxygen
tetrahedra bonded in a complex three-dimensional network.
1)
ice
Diff:
3
LO/Section: 1.1, 1.5
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Evaluation
2)
dinner plate
Diff:
3
LO/Section: 1.1, 1.5
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Evaluation
3)
quartz
Diff:
3
LO/Section: 1.1, 1.5
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Evaluation
4)
glass
Diff:
3
LO/Section: 1.1, 1.5
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Evaluation
5)
halite
Diff:
3
LO/Section: 1.1, 1.5
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Evaluation
6)
coal
Diff:
3
LO/Section: 1.1, 1.5
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Evaluation
7)
calcite
Diff:
3
LO/Section: 1.1, 1.5
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Evaluation
8)
pyroxene
Diff:
3
LO/Section: 1.1, 1.5
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Evaluation
Answers:
1) G 2) B 3) H 4) E 5) A 6) D 7) F 8) C
1.5 Labeling
1)
Label each of the five atoms in this silicon-oxygen tetrahedron.
Answer:
Diff:
2
LO/Section: 1.5
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Application
1.6 Essay
Answer the questions in complete sentences. Be
complete but concise.
1)
Which elements are most common in the Earth's crust? What sorts of minerals (i.e.,
specific families) result from these particularly common elements? What sorts
of rocks are most common in the crust as a result?
Answer: The most common elements are oxygen, silicon,
aluminum, sodium, calcium, potassium and magnesium. The most common minerals
that result from these elements are silicate minerals, including olivines,
pyroxenes, amphiboles, micas, feldspars, and quartz. As a consequence, rocks
made of these minerals, such as basalt, granite, schist, and quartz sandstone,
are very common in the crust.
Diff:
3
LO/Section: 1.5
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Synthesis
2)
Describe in detail the relationship between elements, minerals, and rocks. Give
a specific example of a specific element that is included in a specific mineral
that is included in a specific rock.
Answer: Elements make up minerals, and minerals make
up rocks. Answers will vary for the second part, but a correct answer might
point out that iron and oxygen are elements. These elements may bond to form
magnetite, and magnetite is a mineral that may be incorporated into a rock such
as a sandstone.
Diff:
3
LO/Section: 1.1, 1.5
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Synthesis
3)
Compare and contrast the light silicate minerals and dark silicate minerals,
and give examples of each.
Answer: Both are silicate minerals, dominated by the
elements silicon and oxygen, arranged in the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron. Light
silicates tend to have larger amounts of sharing between their silicon-oxygen
tetrahedral, while dark silicates tend to have less sharing (more oxygen atoms for
every atom of silicon. Light silicates tend to include sodium and potassium in
their crystal structure, while dark silicates tend to include magnesium, iron,
or calcium.
Diff:
2
LO/Section: 1.5
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Analysis
4)
What is the octet rule? Describe how it explains the behavior of atoms in
forming ionic and covalent bonds.
Answer: The octet rule is the generalization that
atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons until they are surrounded by eight
valence electrons. Although there are exceptions to the octet rule, it is a
useful rule of thumb for understanding chemical bonding. It is because of the
octet rule that two atoms of hydrogen will share their valence electrons in a
covalent bond, and it also explains why sodium will give up an electron from
its outer shell to a chlorine atom. The sodium thus goes from have one of eight
valence electrons positions occupied to dropping down a valence level, gaining
a positive charge, and having a "full eight" electrons in its new,
lower valence level. The chlorine, in contrast, gains an electron to add to its
pre-bonding seven electrons in its outer valence shell and also gain a full
complement of eight. But that extra electron brings with it a negative charge,
so chlorine is now an anion. Because opposites attract, the sodium cation and
the negatively-charged chlorine are now bonded together into the ionic compound
known as halite, or table salt.
Diff:
1
LO/Section: 1.3
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Comprehension
1.7 Critical Thinking
1)
Quartz has a specific gravity of about 2.65. A 5-gallon bucket of water weighs
40 pounds. How much would a 5-gallon volume of solid quartz weigh?
Answer: It would weigh 106 pounds, because specific
gravity is the ratio of a mineral's density to the density of water, which is
1.0 gram per cubic centimeter. So 5 gallons of quartz would weigh 2.65 times as
much as 5 gallons of water. 40 times 2.65 is 106.
Diff:
2
LO/Section: 1.4
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Application
2)
Describe the characteristics a substance must possess in order to qualify as a
mineral, and then describe which of the following cannot be minerals, listing a
specific reason for each.
a. Gold nugget
b. Seawater
c. Quartz
d. Cubic zirconia
e. Obsidian
f. Ruby
g. Glacial ice
h. Amber
Answer: Minerals are (1) naturally occurring (2)
inorganic (3) solids that (4) possess an orderly crystalline structure and (5)
a characteristic chemical composition. Gold is a mineral; seawater isn't
because it isn't solid; quartz is; cubic zirconia isn't because it's not
naturally occurring; obsidian isn't because it lacks an orderly crystalline
structure; ruby is; glacial ice is; and amber is not because it lacks an
orderly crystalline structure.
Diff:
2
LO/Section: 1.2
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Knowledge, Application
3)
What steps would you take in order to identify a mineral by its physical
properties?
Answer: Test the hardness against substances/objects
of known hardness; search for number of cleavage planes and their orientation
relative to one another. Identify the luster. Attempt to streak the mineral
against a ceramic plate. Drop hydrochloric acid on it. See if it's magnetic.
Compare all of these criteria to known properties for minerals, perhaps from my
lab manual.
Diff:
2
LO/Section: 1.4
Bloom's
Taxonomy: Application
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