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62. Which of the following is NOT true of the structure of Maslow's hierarchy?
a. More basic needs are at the lower levels.
b. When lower needs are satisfied, people focus
on them exclusively.
c. When lower needs are not being satisfied
people regress to lower levels.
d. The
middle of the higher and lower levels includes belongingness, esteem, and cognitive needs.
ANS: b REF:
36
OBJ: 4 KEY:
Factual DIF: Difficult
63. Maslow argued that humans have an innate
drive toward
a. physiological needs.
b. safety and security.
c. personal
growth.
d. lower levels of needs.
ANS: c REF:
37
OBJ: 4 KEY:
Factual DIF: Moderate
64. According to
Maslow, the growth need to fulfill one's potential is the need for
a. self-actualization.
b. self-esteem.
c. self-concept.
d. belongingness and love.
ANS: a REF:
37
OBJ: 4 KEY:
Factual DIF: Easy
65. Which of the following is NOT a
characteristic of a self-actualizing person?
a. Ethical
discrimination between means and ends
b. Mystical and peak experiences
c. Efficient perception of reality
d. Many strong friendships
ANS: d REF:
37
OBJ: 4 KEY:
Factual DIF: Moderate
66. Maslow's
characteristics of self-actualizing people
a. provides a picture of the healthy
personality.
b. explains mental disorders.
c. highlights religious fanaticism.
d. is a picture of maladjustment.
ANS: a REF:
37
OBJ: 4 KEY:
Conceptual DIF: Moderate
67. Criticisms of humanists include that
a. humanists propose hypotheses that are too
objective in nature.
b. it is too easy to find self-actualizing
persons.
c. humanists are overly optimistic.
d. humanists disagree with positive psychology.
ANS: c REF:
37
OBJ: 4 KEY:
Factual DIF: Easy
68. The idea that personality could be
largely influenced by genetics was developed in the 1960s by
a. Rogers.
b. Skinner.
c. Eysenck.
d. Bandura.
ANS: c REF:
38
OBJ: 5 KEY:
Factual DIF: Easy
69. Eysenck proposed that introverts tend to
have
a. less arousability.
b.
more difficulty being conditioned than extraverts.
c. higher levels of physiological arousal.
d. have less inhibitions in social situations.
ANS: c REF:
38
OBJ: 5 KEY:
Factual DIF: Moderate
70. The purpose of
twin studies is to allow researchers to study
a. people with the same birthdates.
b. the difference between identical twins.
c. people with the same genes.
d. the amount of heritability in a trait.
ANS: d REF:
38
OBJ: 5 KEY:
Factual DIF: Moderate
71. The ____ is an estimate of the proportion
of trait variability in a population that is determined by variations in
genetic inheritance.
a. fraternal/identical ratio
b. determinant ratio
c. heritability ratio
d. genetic percentage
ANS: c REF:
38
OBJ: 5 KEY:
Factual DIF: Easy
72. Which of the
following has a heritability of 50-70%?
a. Height
b. The Big Five
c. Weight
d. intelligence
ANS: d REF:
38
OBJ: 5 KEY:
Factual DIF: Difficult
73. Of the following items, which one has the
greatest percentage of heritability?
a. Height
b. The Big Five
c. Weight
d. Intelligence
ANS: a REF:
38
OBJ: 5 KEY:
Conceptual DIF: Moderate
74. Marianne is short like her father and
intelligent like her mother. These two characteristics are due primarily to
a. her genes.
b. her
father's genes and her mother's nurturing.
c. her father's nurturing and her mother's
genes.
d. chance.
ANS: d REF:
38
OBJ: 5 KEY:
Conceptual DIF: Moderate
75. Identical twins have been found to be
more similar than fraternal twins on the Big Five personality traits. This
means that
a. nurturing is most important to personality.
b. there
is no relationship of hereditability with personality traits.
c. we do not understand genetics or personality.
d. personality traits are linked to genes.
ANS: d REF:
38
OBJ: 5 KEY:
Conceptual DIF: Moderate
76. _____ psychologists propose that patterns
of behavior in a species are the result of adaptation.
a. Evolutionary
b. Ecological
c. Adaptive
d. Biological
ANS: a REF:
38-39
OBJ: 5 KEY:
Factual DIF: Easy
77. David Buss argues the evolutionary
approach to personality by saying the Big Five traits
a. are
independent of the environment.
b. were important to developing countries, but
not to industrial ones.
c. apply only to the U.S. culture.
d. are adaptive across cultures.
ANS: d REF:
39
OBJ: 5 KEY:
Factual DIF: Moderate
78. Theo has noticed that people seem very
sensitive to variations in the ability to bond with others. This matches the
evolutionary viewpoint of
a. openness.
b. neuroticism.
c. agreeableness.
d. extraversion.
ANS: d REF:
39
OBJ: 5 KEY:
Conceptual DIF: Moderate
79. Genelle thinks being agreeable is
adaptive to humans. She views most matches with the _____ perspective.
a. behavioral
b. psychodynamic
c. evolutionary
d. humanist
ANS: c REF:
39
OBJ: 5 KEY:
Conceptual DIF: Easy
80. Which of the following is NOT a criticism
of the biological perspective of personality?
a. Hindsight bias
b. Heredity and environment interact in a
complicated manner.
c. Other traits may not fit the model
d. Genetics have been studied too much in the
field of psychology.
ANS: d REF:
39
OBJ: 5 KEY:
Conceptual DIF: Easy
81. John molds his interpretation of his past
dating to fit how the relationship turned out. This is a common tendency called
a.
hindsight bias.
b.
hereditary influence.
c.
an inadequate theory.
d.
wishful thinking.
ANS: a REF:
39
OBJ: 5 KEY:
Conceptual DIF: Moderate
82. Cross-cultural studies in the area of
personality have found
a. continuity across cultures.
b. variability across cultures.
c. the Big Five personality traits are typical
across cultures.
d. all of these.
ANS: d REF:
39-40
OBJ: 6 KEY:
Factual DIF: Moderate
83. The universality of the basic dimensions
of personality trait structure are
a. refuted by research.
b. proven
by research.
c. tentatively supported by research.
d. impossible to research.
ANS: c REF:
40
OBJ: 6 KEY:
Factual DIF: Easy
84. Which of the following was NOT found in
cross-cultural studies of personality?
a.
Brazilians scored high in neuroticism.
b. Germans scored low in openness to experience.
c. Czechs scored high in agreeableness.
d. Malaysians scored high in conscientiousness.
ANS: b REF:
40
OBJ: 6 KEY:
Factual DIF: Difficult
85. _____ is the concept of widely recognized
prototype personalities within a culture.
a. National character
b. Cultural trait
c. Prototypical character
d. Cultural bias
ANS: a REF:
40
OBJ: 6 KEY:
Factual DIF: Moderate
86. National character studies compared to
personality trait scores indicate
a. they are identical constructs.
b. there is a moderate negative correlation
between the two.
c. there is a strong positive correlation
between the two.
d. there is little or no relationship between
the two.
ANS: d REF:
40
OBJ: 6 KEY:
Factual DIF: Moderate
87. Which of the following is supported by
research about national character?
a. National character is an accurate portrayal
about cultures.
b. National character consists of profoundly
inaccurate stereotypes.
c. National character helps fight cultural
prejudices.
d.
National character does not exist in most cultures.
ANS: b REF:
40
OBJ: 6 KEY:
Factual DIF: Difficult
88. An example of an inaccurate match between
Canadian national stereotypes and personality trait scores found by Terracciano
and others is
a. Canadians are perceived as high in
neuroticism but score average.
b. Canadians are perceived as low in
extraversion, but score high.
c. Canadians are perceived as high in
agreeableness, but score average.
d. Canadians are perceived as low in
conscientiousness, but score high.
ANS: c REF:
40
OBJ: 6 KEY:
Factual DIF: Moderate
89. Which of the following is NOT indicated
by cross-cultural research in personality?
a. Some genuine cultural differences exist in
some personality traits.
b. Cultural disparities are small.
c. It is difficult to compare samples from
different cultures.
d. Cultural trait scores are not as accurate as
national character perceptions.
ANS: d REF:
40
OBJ: 6 KEY:
Factual DIF: Moderate
90. William is Canadian. It is likely that he
may be prejudged as _____ in agreeableness and have a personality trait score
that is _____.
a. high; high
b. low;
average
c. low; low
d. high; average
ANS: b REF: 40
OBJ: 6 KEY:
Conceptual DIF: Easy
91. Personality tests are
a. subject to unconscious distortion.
b. often misunderstood.
c. useful
in helping people learn more about themselves.
d. all of these.
ANS: d REF:
41
OBJ: 7 KEY:
Factual DIF: Easy
92. Which of the following is NOT a purpose
of psychological tests?
a. Measuring aptitudes
b. Measuring
personality traits
c. Measuring weakness of character
d. Measuring abilities
ANS: c REF:
41
OBJ: 7 KEY:
Factual DIF: Moderate
93. Dr. Smith is going to give a
psychological test to two classes. She wants to be sure she uses the same
procedures for each class. This is an example of
a. standardization.
b. reliability.
c. validity.
d. all of these.
ANS: a REF:
41
OBJ: 7 KEY:
Conceptual DIF: Easy
94. The idea that psychological tests tell
you how you score relative to other people relates to
a. test validity.
b. test standardization.
c. test norms.
d. test reliability.
ANS: c REF:
41
OBJ: 7 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate
95. Llana took a psychology test last year.
She is taking the same test this year and can expect the results to be similar.
This is an example of the ____ of a test.
a. reliability
b. validity
c.
standardization
d. norming
ANS: a REF:
41
OBJ: 7 KEY:
Conceptual DIF: Moderate
96. The majority
of personality tests are
a. observations by professionals.
b. self-report inventories.
c. gathered
through individual interviews.
d. easily interpreted.
ANS: b REF:
41
OBJ: 7 KEY:
Factual DIF: Easy
97. Cattell developed a personality test
called
a. the Big Five.
b. the Cattell personality inventory.
c. The Narcissistic Personality Scale.
d. the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire.
ANS: d REF:
42
OBJ: 7 KEY:
Factual DIF: Easy
98. Cattell's
personality test measures all EXCEPT which of the following?
a.
Happy-go-lucky and shrewd
b. Sensitive and dominant
c. Neuroticism and outgoing
d. Imaginative and conservative
ANS: c REF:
42
OBJ: 7 KEY:
Factual DIF: Difficult
99. One of the
problems with self-report inventory tests is
a. there can be deliberate deception.
b. they do not allow comparison in relation to
other people.
c. they are less objective than projective
tests.
d. there is no validity.
ANS: a REF:
43
OBJ: 7 KEY:
Factual DIF: Moderate
100. A test that provides vague stimuli and asks
the person to tell a story or describe what they see is called
a. an invalid test.
b. an objective test.
c. a projective test.
d. a self-report test.
ANS: c REF:
43
OBJ: 43 KEY:
Factual DIF: Easy
TRUE/FALSE
1. Personality
traits are dependent upon the person's situation.
ANS: false REF: 21
OBJ: 1 KEY:
Factual DIF: Moderate
2. The ego is guided by social realities.
ANS: true REF: 23
OBJ: 2 KEY:
Factual DIF: Easy
3. The
ego incorporates social standards about right and wrong.
ANS: false REF: 24
OBJ: 2 KEY:
Factual DIF: Moderate
4. According to classical conditioning,
saying "relax" every time a gunshot is heard will eventually lead the
person to tense when they hear the word "relax."
ANS: true REF:
31
OBJ: 3 KEY:
Conceptual DIF: Moderate
5. Frank
taught his son Fred to use the toilet by giving him a candy every time Fred
made it into the bathroom. This is an example of classical conditioning.
ANS: false REF: 31
OBJ: 3 KEY:
Conceptual DIF: Moderate
6. Humanistic perspectives focus on an
optimistic view of human nature.
ANS: true REF: 34
OBJ: 4 KEY:
Factual DIF: Easy
7. According
to Maslow, most people reach a self-actualized life.
ANS: false REF: 37
OBJ: 4 KEY:
Factual DIF: Moderate
8. Hindsight bias is the common tendency
to mold one's interpretation of the past to fit how events actually turned out.
ANS: true REF: 39
OBJ: 5 KEY:
Factual DIF: Easy
9. People's
perception of national prototypes tend to be accurate as long as the people
within the culture are the ones rating the prototype.
ANS: false REF: 40
OBJ: 6 KEY:
Conceptual DIF: Moderate
10. A benefit of the self-report
inventory is that you can see how you compare with others.
ANS: true REF: 43
OBJ: 7 KEY:
Factual DIF: Easy
SHORT ANSWER
1. Identify and
describe the "Big Five" personality traits.
ANS: Answer not provided REF: 21-22 OBJ:
1
2. Explain
why Freud emphasized sexual and aggressive conflicts.
ANS: Answer not provided REF:
24 OBJ: 2
3. Identify
and briefly describe three different defense mechanisms, and give an example of
each.
ANS: Answer not provided REF: 25-26 OBJ:
2
4. Describe and label the components of
one instance of classical conditioning that can occur in everyday life.
ANS: Answer not provided REF:
30-31 OBJ: 3
5. Distinguish between punishment,
positive reinforcement, and negative reinforcement, and give an example of
each.
ANS: Answer not provided REF: 32 OBJ:
3
6. Draw Maslow's hierarchy of needs and
explain how earning a college education relates to at least three levels.
ANS: Answer not provided REF: 36 OBJ:
4
7. Compare and contrast Rogers' view of
congruence with Maslow's view of self-actualization.
ANS: Answer not provided REF:
35-37 OBJ: 4
8. Describe two examples of genetic and
evolution connections to personality.
ANS: Answer not provided REF:
38-39 OBJ: 5
9. Provide an example of cross-cultural
similarity and an example of cross-cultural differences in personality.
ANS: Answer not provided REF: 39-40 OBJ:
6
10. Discuss the relative strengths and
weaknesses of self-report inventories and projective tests for assessing
personality.
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