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Chapter
2
THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
LEARNING OBJECTIVES and Item Numbers
|
LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
|
Item
Number
|
|
What
is Personality?
1.
Explain the concepts of personality
and traits, and describe the five-factor model of personality.
|
1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, TF1, SA1
|
|
Psychodynamic
Perspectives
2.
Outline Freud’s theory of personality
and psychosexual development.
|
11,
12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30,
31, 32, 33, 34, TF2, TF3, SA2, SA3
|
|
Behavioral
Perspectives
3.
Understand how classical conditioning,
operant conditioning, and observational learning help shape personality.
|
35,
36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, TF4, TF5,
SA4, SA5
|
|
Humanistic
Perspectives
4.
Describe Rogers's views on
self-concept development and Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
|
52,
53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, TF6, TF7, SA6,
SA7
|
|
Biological
Perspectives
5.
Discuss the genetic and evolutionary
roots of personality.
|
68,
69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, TF8, SA8
|
|
Culture
and Personality
6.
Explain how researchers have found
both cross-cultural similarities and differences in personality.
|
82,
83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, TF9, SA9
|
|
Application:
Assessing Your Personality
7.
Describe the nature, value, and
limitations of personality tests.
|
91,
92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, TF10, SA10
|
Key:
Multiple-Choice question numbers appear first, followed by True/False (TF) and
Short Answer (SA).
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. What is the
core concept of personality?
a. Being true to oneself
b. Traits shared with others
c. Consistency across situations
d. Being able to adjust to different situations
ANS: c REF:
21
OBJ: 1 KEY:
Factual DIF: Easy
2. _____ refers to the combinations of
consistent behavioral traits that are unique to each individual.
a. Constellation
b. Personality
c. Dependability
d. Creativity
ANS: b REF:
21
OBJ: 1 KEY:
Factual DIF: Easy
3. Like
consistency across situations, _____ is also a central feature of personality.
a. Cognition
b. Personality
c. Consistency
d. Distinctiveness
ANS: d REF:
21
OBJ: 1 KEY:
Conceptual DIF: Easy
4. “Honest,” “dependable,”
and “friendly” are all adjectives that can be used to represent
a. personality theories.
b. personality traits.
c. personality tests.
d. social situations.
ANS: b REF:
21
OBJ: 1 KEY:
Conceptual DIF: Moderate
5. Freda’s friends say that she is anxious,
self-conscious, insecure, and vulnerable. Which of the following “Big Five”
traits would best describe her?
a. Neuroticism
b. Extraversion
c. Agreeableness
d. Conscientiousness
ANS: a REF:
22
OBJ: 1 KEY:
Conceptual DIF: Moderate
6. Eric studies three hours per day, five
days a week. He only misses school when he is sick and is almost never late for
class. On which of the following “Big Five” traits would he likely receive a
high score?
a. Neuroticism
b. Extraversion
c. Openness to experience
d. Conscientiousness
ANS: d REF:
22
OBJ: 1 KEY:
Conceptual DIF: Moderate
7. Margaret is able to get along with most
people. She is creative and likes variety. On which of the following “Big Five”
traits would she likely receive a high score?
a. Neuroticism
b. Extraversion
c. Openness
to experience
d. Conscientiousness
ANS: c REF:
22
OBJ: 1 KEY:
Conceptual DIF: Moderate
8. Which of the
following are “Big Five” traits?
a. Neuroticism and obsessiveness
b. Openness to experience and intelligence
c. Neuroticism and agreeableness
d. Neuroticism, openness to experience, and
fortitude
ANS: c REF:
22
OBJ: 1 KEY:
Factual DIF: Moderate
9. Achieving
occupational goals is positively predicted by
a.
conscientiousness.
b. extraversion.
c. neuroticism.
d. agreeableness.
ANS: a REF:
22
OBJ: 1 KEY:
Factual DIF: Difficult
10. Which of the
following statements is NOT true according to Big Five research?
a. Neuroticism increases the probability of
divorce.
b. Conscientiousness is correlated with more
illness.
c. Agreeableness reduces the probability of
divorce.
d. Neuroticism is a positive predictor of mental
disorders.
ANS: b REF:
22
OBJ: 1 KEY:
Factual DIF: Moderate
11. All
psychodynamic theories stem from the work of
a. Jung.
b. Adler.
c. Freud.
d. Rogers.
ANS: c REF:
23
OBJ: 2 KEY:
Factual DIF: Easy
12. Jung and
Adler were two significant followers of
a. Rogers.
b. Freud.
c. Skinner.
d. All of these theorists.
ANS: b REF:
23
OBJ: 2 KEY:
Factual DIF: Easy
13. All of the following are true about
Sigmund Freud EXCEPT:
a. He began his medical practice in the late
1800s.
b. The process he developed was called
psychoanalysis.
c. He was a neurologist.
d. His emphasis on unconscious forces and
behavior was readily accepted.
ANS: d REF:
23
OBJ: 2 KEY:
Conceptual DIF: Difficult
14. The component of personality, according
to Freud, that focuses on biological urges is the
a. id.
b. ego.
c. superego.
d. superid.
ANS: a REF:
23
OBJ: 2 KEY:
Factual DIF: Easy
15. Social norms,
rules, and customs are considerations of the
a. id.
b. ego.
c. superego.
d.
superid.
ANS: b REF:
23
OBJ: 2 KEY:
Factual DIF: Moderate
16. According to Freud, the ______ focuses on
practical realities and the _____ focuses on moral standards.
a. id; ego
b. superego; id
c. ego; superego
d. ego; libido
ANS: c REF:
24
OBJ: 2 KEY:
Factual DIF: Moderate
17. Which of the following is NOT one of
Freud's levels of awareness?
a. Conscious
b. Preconscious
c. Collective conscious
d.
Unconscious
ANS: c REF:
24
OBJ: 2 KEY:
Factual DIF: Moderate
18. Dick was asked what he ate yesterday for
breakfast. Recalling his meal is an example of Freud's awareness level of the
a. preconscious.
b. conscious.
c. unconscious.
d. id.
ANS: a REF:
24
OBJ: 2 KEY:
Conceptual DIF: Moderate
19. According to Freud, thoughts and memories
that are well below the level of conscious awareness are
a. a great influence on one's behavior.
b. in the unconscious.
c. difficult to retrieve.
d. all of these.
ANS: d REF:
24
OBJ: 2 KEY:
Factual DIF: Moderate
20. The effort to decrease anxiety often
involves Freud's concept of
a.
superego.
b. aggressive consequences.
c. defense mechanisms.
d. sexual arousal.
ANS: c REF:
25
OBJ: 2 KEY:
Factual DIF: Easy
21. You're feeling guilty after your third
bowl of ice cream. You tell yourself it's alright because yesterday you skipped
lunch. This is an example of
a. conceptualization.
b. rationalization.
c. displacement.
d. identification.
ANS: b REF:
25
OBJ: 2 KEY:
Conceptual DIF: Easy
22. Jack keeps forgetting the name of his
ex-wife's boyfriend. According to Freud, which defense mechanism is at work in
this example?
a. Projection
b. Reaction formation
c. Regression
d. Repression
ANS: d REF:
25
OBJ: 2 KEY:
Conceptual DIF: Moderate
23. Jane has been describing her cousin as
needing a lot of attention. Jane's cousin says the same about Jane. This is an
example of which defense mechanism?
a. Regression
b. Displacement
c. Projection
d. Reaction formation
ANS: c REF:
26
OBJ: 2 KEY:
Conceptual DIF: Moderate
24. Marybeth has been tracking all the likes
on her favorite singer's social media. She is sure that she has a great deal in
common with her idol and that they are already friends. This illustrates which
defense mechanism?
a. Regression
b. Displacement
c. Projection
d. Identification
ANS: d REF:
26
OBJ: 2 KEY:
Conceptual DIF: Moderate
25. In psychoanalytic theory, failure to move
forward from one developmental stage to another when expected is called
a. extinction.
b. regression.
c. inertia.
d. fixation.
ANS: d REF:
26
OBJ: 2 KEY:
Factual DIF: Easy
26. According to Freud, Margie's newborn baby
is in the __________ stage of psychosexual development.
a. anal
b. latency
c. oral
d. phallic
ANS: c REF:
26
OBJ: 2 KEY:
Factual DIF: Easy
27. According to Freud, in order to achieve
healthy development, a child in the phallic stage resolves the dilemma of the
Oedipal complex by
a. strict parents that dispel the myth.
b. getting
older.
c. having sexual longings of the other-sex
parent.
d. identifying with the same sex parent.
ANS: d REF:
27
OBJ: 2 KEY:
Factual DIF: Difficult
28. Which of the following does NOT fit
Freud's concept of the genital stage?
a. Sexual urges reappear.
b. The child reaches puberty.
c. Sexual energy is channeled toward peers
rather than oneself.
d. It is the end of personality development.
ANS: d REF:
27
OBJ: 2 KEY:
Factual DIF: Difficult
29. _____ called his psychodynamic approach
"analytical psychology."
a.
Freud
b.
Jung
c.
Rogers
d.
Adler
ANS:
b REF: 27
OBJ:
2 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy
30. Carl Jung proposed that the unconscious
consists of two layers, the ______ and the ______.
a. preconscious; subconscious
b. personal unconscious; collective unconscious
c. personal unconscious; universal preconscious
d. individual archetype; collective archetype
ANS: b REF:
27
OBJ: 2 KEY:
Factual DIF: Moderate
31. Jung called ancestral memories that are
emotionally charged images and thought forms with universal meaning
a. archetypes.
b. memory traces.
c. religious icons.
d. complexes.
ANS: a REF:
27
OBJ: 2 KEY:
Factual DIF: Easy
32. _____ called his psychodynamic
perspective individual psychology.
a. Freud
b. Jung
c. Adler
d. Rogers
ANS: c REF:
28
OBJ: 2 KEY:
Factual DIF: Moderate
33. According to Adler, everyone has to
compensate for feelings of
a. neuroticism.
b. inferiority.
c. reaction formation.
d. self-deception.
ANS: b REF:
28
OBJ: 2 KEY:
Factual DIF: Easy
34. Which of the following is NOT a criticism
of psychodynamic theories?
a. Vague concepts
b. No empirical evidence
c. Male-centered
view
d. Terms that are difficult to measure
ANS: b REF:
28
OBJ: 2 KEY:
Conceptual DIF: Difficult
35. Which of the
following is true of behaviorism?
a. It is based on the study of observable
behavior.
b. It began in 1913 with an article by Watson.
c. It rejected the study of mental processes.
d. All of these are true.
ANS: d REF:
28
OBJ: 3 KEY:
Factual DIF: Moderate
36. Classical conditioning pairs a _____
stimulus with another stimulus.
a. neutral
b. reinforcement
c. primary
d. UCS
ANS: a REF:
29
OBJ: 3 KEY:
Factual DIF: Easy
37. Which of the following is NOT true of
classical conditioning?
a. It was first described in the early 1900s by
Ivan Pavlov.
b. It was based on a study about dogs'
digestion.
c. It engages voluntary responses.
d. It demonstrates learned reflexes.
ANS: c REF:
29-30
OBJ: 3 KEY:
Factual DIF: Difficult
38. Behaviorists
focus on personality
a. structure.
b. traits.
c. development.
d. disorders.
ANS: c REF:
29
OBJ: 3 KEY:
Factual DIF: Difficult
39. Whenever Spot hears the dog food can
opening, he pants and drools, seemingly eager for the food bowl to be filled.
This is an example of the sound of the can opener as
a. an unconditioned stimulus.
b. a conditioned stimulus.
c.
an unconditioned response.
d. a reinforcement.
ANS: b REF:
29
OBJ: 3 KEY:
Conceptual DIF: Moderate
40. In classical conditioning, the neutral
stimulus becomes the _____ after conditioning.
a. CS
b. UCS
c. CR
d. UCR
ANS: a REF:
30
OBJ: 3 KEY:
Factual DIF: Easy
41. Little Elmo is making faces at his
mother. Her smiles back to him are an example of
a. positive reinforcement.
b. negative reinforcement.
c. punishment.
d. extinction.
ANS: a REF:
32
OBJ: 3 KEY:
Conceptual DIF: Moderate
42. Little Elmo is making faces at his
mother. When Elmo sticks out his tongue, she frowns. Elmo stops sticking out
his tongue. Her frowns are an example of
a. negative reinforcement.
b. punishment.
c. positive reinforcement.
d. extinction.
ANS: b REF:
32
OBJ: 3 KEY:
Conceptual DIF: Moderate
43. The difference between negative
reinforcement and punishment is
a. negative reinforcement and punishment are
identical.
b. negative reinforcement increases a response
and punishment decreases it.
c. negative reinforcement must be paired with a
positive reinforcement.
d. punishment is always paired with a positive
reinforcement.
ANS: b REF:
32
OBJ: 3 KEY:
Factual DIF: Difficult
44. ____ occurs when something unpleasant
arrives and ____ occurs when something unpleasant is removed.
a. Negative reinforcement; punishment
b. Punishment; positive reinforcement
c. Negative reinforcement; positive
reinforcement
d. Punishment; negative reinforcement
ANS: d REF:
32
OBJ: 3 KEY:
Factual DIF: Difficult
45. Beverly changed her hair color and some
of her friends laughed at her. Their behavior is an example of
a. punishment.
b. negative reinforcement.
c. positive reinforcement.
d. extinction.
ANS: a REF:
33
OBJ: 3 KEY:
Conceptual DIF: Moderate
46. The founder of social cognitive theory
was
a. Skinner in the 1950s.
b. Freud in the 1930s.
c. Bandura in the 1960s.
d. Adler in the 1940s.
ANS: c REF:
33
OBJ: 3 KEY:
Factual DIF: Moderate
47. Social cognitive theory is closely
aligned with which major theoretical perspective?
a. Behaviorism
b. Psychodynamic
c. Humanism
d.
Psychoanalytic
ANS: a REF:
33
OBJ: 3 KEY:
Factual DIF: Easy
48. _____ occurs when an organism is
influenced by observing a model.
a. Observational learning
b. Classical conditioning
c. Operant conditioning
d. Model learning
ANS: a REF:
33
OBJ: 3 KEY:
Factual DIF: Easy
49. Which of the following does NOT describe
observational learning?
a. Requires attention and understanding
b. Uses memory and information
c. Part of Skinner and Pavlov's theories
d. includes understanding consequences
ANS: c REF:
33
OBJ: 3 KEY:
Conceptual DIF: Difficult
50. Social cognitive theory explains the
influence of some role models when
a. the
model's behavior leads to positive outcomes.
b. individuals see similarity between the model
and themselves.
c. individuals like or respect the model.
d. all of these occur.
ANS: d REF:
33
OBJ: 3 KEY:
Conceptual DIF: Moderate
51. A major contribution of behavioral theory
to personality is the recognition that
a. situational factors alone shape personality.
b. both personality and situational factors
shape behavior.
c.
personality factors shape situations.
d. classical and operant conditioning explain
all aspects of personality.
ANS: b REF:
34
OBJ: 3 KEY:
Factual DIF: Difficult
52. _____ emphasizes free will and human
potential for personal growth.
a. Humanism
b. Behaviorism
c. Psychodynamics
d. Social learning
ANS: a REF:
34
OBJ: 4 KEY:
Factual DIF: Easy
53. Which of the following is NOT a way in
which humanists criticized other theories?
a. Behaviorists focus too much on animal
research.
b. Freud focused too much on the unconscious.
c. Humans are dominated by irrational needs and
conflicts.
d. People are viewed as controlled by their past
and environment.
ANS: b REF:
34
OBJ: 4 KEY:
Factual DIF: Difficult
54. ______ called his approach a
person-centered theory.
a. Freud
b. Adler
c. Rogers
d. Jung
ANS: c REF:
34
OBJ: 4 KEY:
Factual DIF: Easy
55. Rogers viewed which construct as the core
of personality structure?
a. Self-concept
b. Self-actualization
c. Self-confidence
d. Self-efficacy
ANS: a REF:
34
OBJ: 4 KEY:
Factual DIF: Easy
56. _____ is a collection of beliefs about
one's own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior.
a. Self-concept
b. Self-esteem
c. Self-confidence
d. Self-efficacy
ANS: a REF:
34
OBJ: 4 KEY:
Factual DIF: Easy
57. Incongruence
refers to the disparity between one's self-concept and one's
a. self-esteem.
b. actual experience.
c. congruence.
d. self-awareness.
ANS: b REF:
35
OBJ: 4 KEY:
Factual DIF: Moderate
58. Rogers believed that _____ love from
parents fosters congruence of self-concept and actual experience.
a. conditional
b. tough
c. unconditional
d. distorted
ANS: c REF:
35
OBJ: 4 KEY:
Factual DIF: Easy
59. According to
Rogers, people behave defensively
a. to decrease anxiety.
b. to protect their inaccurate self-concept.
c. by ignoring, denying, and distorting reality.
d. to do all of these.
ANS: d REF:
35
OBJ: 4 KEY:
Factual DIF: Moderate
60. The theorist whose key contributions were
how motives are organized hierarchically and a description of the healthy
personality was
a.
Bandura.
b. Rogers.
c. Maslow.
d. None of these.
ANS: c REF:
36
OBJ: 4 KEY:
Factual DIF: Easy
61. Maslow's systematic arrangement of needs
according to priority is called
a. a pyramid.
b. personality development and dynamics.
c. the self-actualization chart.
d. a hierarchy of needs.
ANS: d REF:
36
OBJ: 4 KEY:
Factual DIF: Easy
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